The Summary Paper Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Example

The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay There are various networks and various societies on the Earth. However every one of them comprise of similar elements †individuals. Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness demonstrates the point that regard for different societies assists with keeping the human self in the outsider environmental factors. Present day basic reactions to the book show how important it is even these days, when the world is by all accounts more humanistic than in the nineteenth century. The story is known as the â€Å"longest venture into self†, â€Å"a delicate and clear travelogue†, and â€Å"an irate record on crazy and merciless exploitation† (Guerard, 1987, p. 5).I will attempt to demonstrate the focuses expressed above by breaking down the perspectives, which the characters of the story exhibited to the next culture. I need to remark explicitly on Marlow’s motivations to begin for Africa; on the noteworthiness of â€Å"darkness† in the story; and of Conra d’s impression of colonization. I contend that in The Heart Of Darkness we are instructed that abusing individuals and societies, which are distinctive to our own, may truly harm a human soul.Marlow appears to go to Africa for a few reasons. To begin with, he made his youngster dream bursting at the seams with profound respect of â€Å"all the wonders of exploration† (Conrad, 1946, p. 52) and â€Å"many clear spaces on the earth† (on the same page.). Noteworthy is his interest with â€Å"a strong huge river†, on the African guide, which took after in his brain of â€Å"an huge snake uncoiled, with its head in the ocean, its body very still bending a far distance over an immense nation, and its tail lost in the profundities of the land† (in the same place.). Marlow reviewed that this snake-like waterway hypnotized him as though he was a bird.In the start of the portrayal, it is dark why Marlow, first, alludes to Africa among the spots unexplored as awesome, and afterward, out of nowhere, talks about â€Å"a spot of darkness† (in the same place.). One pundit expected that Africa â€Å"functions in the novel as a ‘foil’ for Europe, comprising a negative, clear space onto which is anticipated all that Europe wouldn't like to find in itself, everything that is loathsome and abject† (Brown, 2000, pg. 2). In our brains, snake represents threat and enticement. It appears that the picture of baffling mainland allured Marlow into â€Å"the night venture into the oblivious, and showdown of an element inside the self† (Guerard, 1987, p. 9).Marlow was not a representative to get ivory at the Belgian exchange stations. He was a mariner of impossible to miss sort, â€Å"a sailor, yet he was a drifter, too† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). Marlow alludes to the dark landmass as â€Å"the farthest purpose of route and the coming full circle purpose of my experience† (Conrad, 1946, p. 51). To him the longi ng to arrive at the stream, which he has been dreaming about since the adolescence, was by one way or another irrational. â€Å"I must arrive by snare or by crook† (Conrad, 1946, p. 53), he disclosed to the audience members of his anecdote about Mr. Kurtz.From the earliest reference point, the storyteller underlines a weird disquiet about the voyaging fixation, as though â€Å"instead of heading off to the focal point of a landmass, I were going to embark for the focal point of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). The climate of secret and terrible desires is made by the writer through the striking differentiations of dim and light, which are portrayed in subtleties by Marlow.At first idea, a peruser thinks about the juxtaposition as normal qualification between England, where â€Å"the water shone pacifically; the sky, without a spot, was a favorable hugeness of impeccable light; the very fog on the Essex swamps resembled a gauzy and brilliant fabric† (Conrad, 194 6, p. 46); and Africa with â€Å"colossal wilderness, so dull green as to be practically dark, bordered with white surf† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). As Guerard puts it, â€Å"the contemplative explorer leaves his recognizable judicious world† (1987, p. 10), where everything is seen through the light focal point. On the complexity, African waterway, the previous fantasy snake, transforms into the â€Å"streams of death throughout everyday life, whose banks were spoiling into mud, whose waters, thickened into ooze, attacked the reshaped mangroves, that appeared to squirm at us in the furthest point of an inept despair† (Conrad, 1946, p. 62). Guerard on the purpose of death references states, â€Å"And even Kurtz, shadow and image however he be, [†¦] is strongly envisioned, a ‘animated picture of death,’ a skull and body rising as from a winding sheet, ‘the pen of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving’† (1987, p. 14), cont inuing with the comment, â€Å"This is Africa and its heavy inhabitants† (on the same page.). In this way, a negative conceptualization of Africa as a dull, baffling and hazardous spot is obvious here. There white men become shadows of death and frightful in their change.Besides landscape based references to dim and light, there is another significant domain where this complexity assumes a critical job. That is the connections of various races on the African landmass. Marlow stresses that he is â€Å"not especially tender† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65). However this develop and brutal man is past himself with bewilderment, distress, appall and even fear at observing how hard local individuals were misused by Belgian colonizers. The scene when he shows up at the exchange station and meets the gathering of binded dark starving worn out animals accomplishing agonizingly difficult work is striking. He talks about fiends there, looking at â€Å"the demon of viciousness, and the fa llen angel of covetousness, and the villain of hot desire† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65) to â€Å"a heavy, imagining, feeble peered toward demon of a voracious and merciless folly† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65), obviously meaning colonization.The key to the comprehension of certifiable yet understood thought processes the creator held at the top of the priority list while differentiating dim and light is Marlow’s reference to England as â€Å"one of the dim spots of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). He demonstrated his point by remaking the conduct of the Romans during the colonization of the British Isles. In any case, Marlow doesn't call them colonizers. Neither does he give such name to the Belgian travelers in Africa, which implies that he â€Å"establishes certain political values† (Guerard, 1987, p. 14). Earthy colored expect that â€Å"in Marlows record of his excursion [†¦] there can be watched a dark instability between the frightfulness as an impact of pioneer mediation and the area of the revulsions cause as the earth itself† (2000, pg. 6). The negative mentality to colonization, in this manner, is verifiable in the story, when â€Å"colonial intercession [†¦] loses its conceivable basic edge by staying a record only of appalling things occurring in the provinces. This differentiations to the corruption of the Wests self-image†, as Brown demonstrates (2000, pg. 6).Africa turned into an appropriate domain for â€Å"the commitment to efficiency† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) with its rich common assets. There any man of white skin was viewed as â€Å"an emissary of light† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) paying little mind to his own characteristics. What's more, local individuals were viewed as dark ants in the furious sun whose fate was to convey stacks and do grimy employment. The living image of dimness in its particular sense which Conrad makes in the story is Mr. Kurtz, the best exchanging specialist of the C ompany. Marlow is sent to get him from the farthest station with his plunder of ivory. Apparently talking about â€Å"heart of darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 95), Marlow didn't mean the dull color of African waterways or the dim shade of the bramble. Rather, he talked about â€Å"the triumphant darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 159) of a white heartless colonizer like Mr. Kurtz.In the end, Marlow reviews â€Å"the goliath size of [Kurtz’s] abominable wants, the ugliness, the torment, the violent anguish of his soul† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). A poor man who couldn't wed the lady he adored, Kurtz turned into an effective merchant who served at his best for the Company yet always remembered his own advancement. In his endeavor to be a regarded individual from the high and prosperous society, Kurtz stepped over every single human goodness of regard, ethics, bondage and humanism. The dry heads, which encompassed his last camp in the African wild, represent the dryness of his human instinct. Kurtz was a skilled and appealling pioneer. In any case, he exemplifies the â€Å"triumph for the wild, an attacking and wrathful rush† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). Marlow alludes to him as a â€Å"soul satisfied with crude feelings, devoted of lying acclaim, of trick differentiation, of the considerable number of appearances of progress and power† (Conrad, 1946, p. 147).My Intended, my ivory, my station, my stream, my beginning and end had a place with him. It made me hold my breath in desire for hearing the wild burst into a colossal ring of chuckling that would shake the fixed stars in their places. Everything had a place with himbut that was a fool. The thing was to recognize what he had a place with, what number of forces of dimness guaranteed him for their own. (Conrad, 1946, p. 116)â€Å"Marlows enticement is made cement through his presentation to Kurtz, a white man and at some point dreamer who had completely reacted to the wild: a potential a nd fallen self†, Guerard accept (1987, p. 9). Marlow calls Kurtz villain in light of the fact that no person is permitted to be so abominable and wild in his longing to stifle individuals who are unique in relation to he, a white prevailing male. His visual deficiency to decent variety †of societies or human qualities †drives him to death and makes the environment of obscurity dominating.The thought of strength is censured by Marlow and Conrad as the author:The triumph of the earth, which generally implies the taking

Catfish noodling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catfish noodling - Research Paper Example To be explicit, the individuals who enjoy noodling must realize swimming and different methods identified with it. Like different games things, noodling requires collaboration. Robert Z. Cohen states that, â€Å"Noodling has gotten so mainstream in the South that the Okie Noodling Festival is held yearly at Pauls Valley, Oklahoma† (29). One must not misjudge that noodling is a basic method. Rather, noodling requires physical wellness, experience, and essential information on flathead catfish. Plus, these who enjoy this action utilize their uncovered hands, however no different instruments. In the event that the flathead catfish is spotted inside profound streams/lakes, the procedure of noodling turns out to be all the more fascinating. Some accomplished noodlers get fish which are living in submerged caverns. In this way, one can't overlook the games estimation of noodling on the grounds that the equivalent is a gathering action. One can see that the spread of noodling is restricted to the situation of American South. To be explicit, noodling is a movement with colossal social/conventional worth. Tim M. Berra expresses that, â€Å"Local individuals in the southern United States may catch level heads by noodling† (159). The noodlers select others as spotters to spot and pursue catfish. The organization between a noodler/noodlers and spotter will be durable on the grounds that an accomplished spotter can be useful for a noodler. In this way, one can see that noodling prompts legitimate socialization and attachment among individuals inside the gathering. As noodling is restricted inside a particular topographical zone (say, American South), it has certain social attributes which is emblematic of conventional style of angling. Thus, one can see that the socio-social noteworthiness of noodling is identified with its attributes as a gathering action and as a customary angling method. On the opposite side, pr esent day angling strategies like calculating doesn't require this much exertion to get fish. As the noodlers utilize their hands to get

How to Convert Fahrenheit to Celcius

Work and Organizational Psychology †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Work and Organizational Psychology. Answer: Presentation: For the situation study, it is been brought up that the group at Fire workmanship can't work together and create positive cooperative energies among the colleagues. Another chief of system has been selected a little while ago and he has a sole errand of building and dealing with the group. Cooperation being basic to an associations achievement, the onus is on Eric for the equivalent. All the while, there are sure challenges as a portion of the troughs at fire workmanship can't contribute a lot to the group as their perspectives and suppositions are smothered by executive of deals and showcasing, who in himself is a charitable character with packs of vitality exuberating out of his character. The issue with him is, contrast in philosophy in contrast with other colleagues, because of which pressure wins during group gatherings. In the report it will be talk about concerning what are the issues looked by the association because of absence of collaboration, what are the difficulties jumping the procedure , and utilizing some hierarchical speculations , how the issues can be turned over. It engages colleagues with great responsibility towards their activity, a feeling of possession, higher dynamic force, and along these lines supports the spirit of an employee(Lynn, Plat Reilly, 2016) Encourages associations to exploit the information and the inspiration of the colleagues (Goetsch Davis, 2014) Helps the association in loosing of its organization and advances more prominent adaptability and responsiveness. Fills in as a pool of different free lowing thoughts, which further prompts better key dynamic (Hu Liden, 2015) Disappointment of collaboration The organization for the situation study is Fire workmanship, a family claimed business, effectively running for most recent 80 years and serving the Midwestern customers, and has situated itself in the attitude of purchaser as high caliber and high estimating organization. With the appearance of globalization and changes in the advances, less expensive apparatus and numerous players, the deals of the organizations are falling quickly. Subsequently, the weight is on the supervisors to think of the methodologies to lock in and increment the deals, the equivalent can be accomplished uniquely with commitment of everybody and every one of them meeting up as a group. Significant test within reach is, the chief of deals and advertising, Mar. Randys demeanor towards the individual colleagues and other divisional administrators, it comes as the greatest obstacle in the formation of positive collaborations towards a shared objective. Mr Randy accepts that, bunches in organizations are totally futile and agreement is a fair idea. He additionally has another conviction, wherein he accepts unequivocally that, in an organization its solitary endeavors of careful individuals who thinks of a splendid arrangement and methodology, and rest everybody simply follow the pioneer, skeptic of cooperation and collaborations. Answer for the current issue: Group building exercises enables the colleagues to escape their zones and break the social obstructions, which might cause erosion among the colleagues. The group building action will assist them with opening up to one another and make a climate of neighborliness in spite of the individual positions (Levi, 2015) Faculty guiding of Mr Randy with the HR head or an individual of higher experience than him, and cause him to comprehend the significance of collaboration and the potential advantages for the association. Additionally, it is imperative to cause him to comprehend; cooperation won't make him free his singularity, yet, would build his regard according to his colleagues (Brand, 2014) Teach a propensity for posting unknown input after each group meeting or when all is said in done business activities, this will help the administration in breaking down issues with specific representatives, which at that point could be handled with the assistance of advising (Tucker Abbasi, 2015) It is should and should that division of work ought to be clear, nobody can meddle in crafted by other individual, until and except if required. This division of work would keep all the representatives in the restrictions of their errand and keep any jabbing from other group members(Chimel, Fraccaroli Sverke, 2017) Another significant part of effective group meeting is nearness of a solid powerful gathering facilitator. His job is to guarantee everybody takes an interest and contributes towards the destinations of meeting .He ought to guarantee the respectability and courses of events of the gathering and furthermore make it extremely productive, with clear recognized objectives to center in gatherings, the cooperation would increment. The gathering facilitator ought to likewise deal with any bastard, whose lone object is to burn through the hour of other colleagues by upsetting the gathering, such individual ought to be managed authority and brutality considerably after continued notice (Li Lam, 2013) Tuchman collaboration hypothesis ought to be put to use in the association. The hypothesis has 4 segments joined to it, beginning from shaping, raging, norming which at last prompts performing. This structure, whenever received would definitely improve the group meeting at fire craftsmanship and lead to creating of positive synergies.(Betts Healey, 2015) End: Fire Art Company is in the matter of making wine cups, lager steins, ashtrays and different glass curiosity since most recent 80 years. Its a family possessed business which has earned its notoriety in the market as a result of its high caliber. It is viewed as truly outstanding in the market. The organization in the ongoing occasions can't satisfy its latent capacity and the deals are going down. The administration needs to revamp on the procedure and it requires collaboration from each individual individuals. Some heel isn't permitting this to occur. Certain procedures can work in the kindness of organization which would help them in leading effective group gatherings, a portion of the methodologies as talked about are advising, group building exercises, input meetings, division of work. Trumans progressive hypothesis on cooperation is of incredible preferred position for any organization who needs to have useful group gatherings, utilizing all the above would help Eric in getting wanted result from the group gatherings. References: Lynn, G.S. Polat, V. what's more, Reilly, R.R 2016, Team Trust and Team Learning in New Product Development Projects. Bays Get Engaged! Intersection the Threshold of Marketings Engagement Era(pp. 639-640), Springer, Cham. Goetsch, D.L. furthermore, Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality administration for hierarchical greatness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Hu, J. furthermore, Liden, R.C., 2015. Having any kind of effect in the cooperation: Linking group prosocial inspiration to group procedures and viability. Institute of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1102-1127. Levi, D., 2015.Group elements for groups. Sage Publications Brand, T., 2014. Fundamental guiding skills.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(7), pp.510-511. Exhaust, R. also, Abbasi, N., 2015. The design of cooperation: looking at connections between educating, evaluation, understudy learning and fulfillment with innovative structure outcomes.Architectural Engineering and Design Management,11(6), pp.405-422. Chmiel, N., Fraccaroli, F. also, Sverke, M. eds., 2017.An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Betts, S. also, Healy, W., 2015. Having a great time Catching on to Teamwork: An Experiential Learning Approach to Teaching the Phases of Group Development.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(2), p.1.. Li, M.P. also, Lam, B.H., 2013. Agreeable learning.The Active Classroom, The Hong Kong Institude of Education.

How to Write a Hypothesis For Research Paper

How to Write a Hypothesis For Research PaperIt is very important that when you are writing your research paper, you try to first come up with an idea of how to write a hypothesis for research paper. This is important because the researcher will be able to write this in a systematic way which is very beneficial to him or her. He or she will also be able to assess whether the study is worth doing or not.The first step that you should take when you are trying to write a hypothesis for research paper is to make it clear as possible. You should explain in as many words what the result is that you want to get. The best way to do this is to make it as clear as possible using colors and pictures so that the reader can understand easily. The more clear the hypothesis, the easier will be the work for the researcher.When you are ready with the hypothesis, you should prepare a specific action that you want the researcher to take. At this stage, you should consider the manner of the experiment th at you are going to do. For example, if you are going to do an experiment using a pill, you should be sure that you have the pill available when the experiment begins. If you do not have it, you should still write the hypothesis on paper but write 'Pill available' at the bottom of the page so that the researcher will know what type of pill to use for the experiment.At this point, you should think about the end results of the experiment. This is the most important part of the hypothesis because this will help the researcher to judge whether the study was worth doing or not. It is very important to give a clear explanation on what the end results are because if the researcher is not able to answer this question, he or she might as well just ignore the whole project.After giving an explanation on the end results, you should write a closing paragraph that explains the conclusion of the research paper. Make sure that this paragraph has two to three sentences that explains the meaning of the hypothesis and that it states that the researcher is expecting some results or that it will take a while before the study results are published. Keep in mind that you should not over write your hypothesis because this might create problems for the researcher later on.The conclusion should explain the main aim of the project. It should tell what the researcher hopes to achieve from the study. You should try to write your conclusion in a way that it is easy to understand.You should be careful when you are writing your research paper because this is where you will be spending a lot of time. The project is already stressful when you have to write it so be careful and only write according to the rules.Last but not least, you should make sure that you are also writing your hypothesis in a way that it is easy to read. After all, the researcher will be looking for something that is easy to read and follow and making it difficult for him or her will make the job difficult for him or her.

Nigerian Culture The Joys of Motherhood and the Present Day - Literature Essay Samples

The idea that childbirth can test a woman and perhaps lead to self-awareness serves as a major theme for Buchi Emechetas Nigerian novel The Joys of Motherhood, in which a young Ibo woman marries twice, the first marriage highlighting her infertility. In her second marriage, Nnu Ego has surprisingly little difficulty in reproducing; however, she faces many challenges in raising her children and maintaining her marriage. The author describes Nigerian life through the eyes of men, women, children, and various ethnic groups under British rule in the mid 1900s. It is clear that family life, gender roles, and religious beliefs in the novel are similar to that of post-colonial Nigerian culture today. To begin, Buchi Emecheta, author of The Joys of Motherhood, was born to Ibuza parents in Lagos, Nigeria, in the year of 1944. These facts are especially important due to the story being held primarily in Ibuza and Lagos, cities Emecheta is highly familiar with. According to the Encyclopedia of World Writers, Emecheta got engaged and married as early as sixteen years old, and she later gave birth to five children (Diamond, Emecheta, Buchi). In her time, it was very common for women to have multiple children. Regarding her literary work, Emecheta has published many novels in which she uses fictional characters to live out her struggles as an oppressed and underprivileged wife, mother, and emigrant. To support this, Diamond states that Emechetas brave approach to writing about the unspoken has set her apart from other African writers, and she [adds] a voice that speaks to the specific issues of women from developing countries (Encyclopedia of World Writers, Emecheta, Buchi). In other wo rds, Emecheta brought herself to write about a society that faced hardships, herself included. Although she passed away in January, 2017, Buchi Emechetas novels will forever hold true the life she lived, and they may even teach people in more liberal countries to appreciate the easy life. Additionally, The Joys of Motherhood depicts the lifestyle of a fictional character, Nnu Ego, who struggles to find her way in life. She lives a somewhat easy life in Ibuza, but she is still expected to marry young and produce many children, as this is custom to her people. Unfortunately, Nnu Ego fails to reproduce by her handsome husband, which leads to the disappointment of many. She marries again, this time to an ugly man in a foreign city, and ironically produces nine children, of which only seven survive. According to CultureGrams Online Edition, An urban couple often has between three and five children, while a rural family may have as many as seven to ten (Nigeria: Family). Although having many children brings Nnu Ego and her husband Nnaife an honorable reputation, they soon find parenthood both a blessing and a curse. They are a low income family, and after Nnaife is forced by the British to fight in the civil war for more than a year, his wife is left to fend for her family when market prices rise and women cannot easily find work. In this novel, Nnu Ego portrays the blood, sweat, and tears that Emecheta and other Nigerian women put in for their children to become successful and have a better life. Emecheta does well at describing the amount of effort it takes to survive in a developing country, especially as poor emigrants under foreign rule. First, The Joys of Motherhood portrays the importance of marriage and children in Nigeria. In many cases, Nigerians have polygamous families. In reference to CultureGrams, a Nigerian man can have as many as four wives as long as he has the consent of his wives and provided he can support each wife equally (Nigeria: Dating and Marriage). Sometimes men even inherit the wives and children that a deceased relative leaves behind. For example, in the novel, Nnaifes older brother passes away and, with Nnaife being the oldest son left, he has the responsibility to take in his brothers family through marriage. Although Nnaife is to gain consent from Nnu Ego, she does not like when the new wife Aduku moves in, bringing her child along; however, Nnu Ego is now a senior wife and must behave as such (Emecheta, 117-118). Additionally, children are of great significance to the Nigerian family. In The Joys of Motherhood, sons are highly favored over daughters. According to Countries and their Cultures, modern Nigeria is a patriarchal society [and] men are dominant over women (Curry, Nigeria). So, it is common for women to produce until they have a son, and that explains why Nnu Ego gives birth to nine children, each time hoping for a son. Because of the patriarchal society of Nigeria in the novel, males overall have more power and tend to be more dedicated to their family since they will always carry the family name. On the other hand, a daughter is not thought of as completely useless. In the novel and in modern Nigeria, a daughter marries young, and her family receives a bride price in return. According to CultureGrams, the groom is expected to give money, property (such as kola nuts, food, drinks, and clothing), or service to the family of the bride as compensation for the loss of their daughter (Ni geria: Dating and Marriage). In the novel, for example, Adaku suggests that their daughters bride prices should be used to help pay for the boys schooling. (Emecheta, 127). So, by marrying off their daughters, the bride price helps relieve low income families of their financial situations. Overall, family life relates closely to that of modern Nigeria. Second, gender role in Nigeria is very distinct in families. Men and women have their own responsibilities; however, there is a strict line between the two genders. According to CultureGrams, men make the most important decisions for the family, and women are important for childbirth and taking care of the house (Nigeria: Family). This conception holds true in The Joys of Motherhood, as Nnu Ego stays home to nurse the children, prepare meals, and clean. Although women in the story are not expected to bring home a major source of income, Nnu Egos family is poor, so she must go out to the market each day to trade. When her son is old enough, Nnu Ego even sends him out to watch her stall where she trades items for money (Emecheta, 103). Moreover, in lower-income families, boys and girls may work to support the family, often by trading in the market (Nigeria: Family). So, for that matter, the roles of children in the novel go hand in hand with the reality of Nigeria. Also, regarding the fact that Nigerian women are seen as important for childbirth and little else, readers may have sympathy for Nnu Ego once infertility and the death of her children fill her life with pain and uncertainty. Finally, sons are more privileged than daughters. For example, Nnu Ego decides to use her daughters bride price to pay for her sons schooling (Emecheta, 127). This goes to show that Nigeria truly consists of a patriarchal society in which males dominate. Furthermore, CultureGrams states that many families do not send their girls to school because of a belief that learning to be good mothers and wives is more important than formal education (Nigeria: Family). Hence, men and women are not thought of as complete equals in Nigeria. Lastly, some religious and mythological beliefs in the Nigerian novel remain the same in reality today. People of the Ibo tribe, including Nnaife and Nnu Ego, believe in their own chi. According to World Literature and Its Times, the chi [is not] solely a spiritual force but also a person, perhaps an ancestor or other village inhabitant, who has been reincarnated in an individual at birth (Franey, The Joys of Motherhood). Basically, each person has their own personal god. With this in mind, Nnu Egos chi is a slave who was put to death after her mistress died, a common ritual performed when someone of high importance passes away. She had begged for her life, and yet it was taken from her by one of Nnu Egos relatives (Emecheta, 23). The slave woman comes back as Nnu Egos chi, and when her infertility becomes quite obvious, a dibia claims that Nnu Egos chi is punishing her for her death. Furthermore, Nnu Ego and her family must offer sacrifices to her chi to lessen the burden. On another note, Nigerians put their rested assurance in dibias, a generic word for doctors (Martial Arts of the World, Animals and Power). Notably, these dibias arent average doctors. For example, Nnu Egos son places a rat inside of a guitar, and one night the guitar seems to magically play by itself; however, Nnu Ego does not know the rat is inside of the guitar, so she consults a dibia to learn the meaning behind this. The dibia suggests that her husband plays the guitar without skill, and that this has summoned the spirits from the dead to come get rid of his instrument (Emecheta, 33). With that being said, Nigerians do place their trust in dibias for help. Now, when it comes to religion, the novel stays close to reality. In Nigeria, most people are either Christian or Muslim. While Nnaife works as a slave for the British, he becomes accustomed to Christianity and often attends church; however, it could be argued that Nnaife is not Christian since he practices polygamy, something of Islamic culture. Though, according to CultureGrams, Many non-Muslim men also practice polygamy (Mattison, Marriage). So, all in all, The Joys of Motherhood sticks close to Nigerian views and beliefs. The Joys of Motherhood stays true to the culture of Nigeria today. With that being said, reading historically accurate novels, especially those written by Buchi Emecheta, can be helpful for someone interested in learning about cultures of other countries. Emecheta can be praised for her credibility, as she took her life experiences and placed them inside a book for the world to understand the hardships that she and many other Nigerians actually endured. Works Cited III, William C. Mattison. Marriage. Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology, edited by Ian A. McFarland, et al., Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2011. Credo Reference. Accessed 17 Apr 2017. Animals and Power. Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, edited by Thomas A. Green, and Joseph R. Svinth, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2010. Credo Reference, CURRY, TIM. Nigeria. Countries and Their Cultures. Ed. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001. 1624-1642. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Diamond, Marie Josephine, ed. Emecheta, Buchi. Encyclopedia of World Writers, 1800 to the Present. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2011. Blooms Literature, Facts On File, Inc. Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. N.p.: Pearson, 2008. Print. Franey, Laura. The Joys of Motherhood. World Literature and Its Times: Profiles of Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events That Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and Lorraine Valestuk. Vol. 2: African Literature and Its Times. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 225-235. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Apr. 2017. Nigeria: Dating and Marriage. CultureGrams Online Edition, ProQuest, 2017. Accessed 15 April 2017. Nigeria: Family. CultureGrams Online Edition, ProQuest, 2017. Accessed 15 April 2017.

Corporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Ethics

Introduction Coexistence in a globalized world with constant changes does not really allow a business to survive alone. The fact that your business exists in the environment, the responsibility of this depends on many stakeholders, such as local communities, customers, employees and suppliers. On the other hand the way the products are produced and manufactured has a significant impact on the environment. In this context the concept of corporate social responsibility has great relevance for the survival of any business. In corporate terms, social responsibilities promote companies to maintain a closer relationship with the public of their interest and on the other hand, good business practices enjoy better benefits in relation to other†¦show more content†¦Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German philosopher was an enormous supporter of this sort of thinking. He believed in acting according to the strict obedience to values, regardless of the consequences. Ethical choices taken with this poin t of view also had to be universally valid to other kinds of similar situations. The impact of such moral philosophy is predominant in the Australian Association of Social Worker’s (AASW), Code of Ethics which prioritizes principles such as ‘respect for persons’ and client self-determination (Banks, 2004). â€Å"Bentham’s (1789) ethical philosophy was founded on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating the merit and that the kind of consequences that matters for human happiness is just the achievement of happiness and avoidance of pain. The principles of utility, then defines the meaning of the moral obligation by reference to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people who affected by performance of the action†. There are, for example, some reservations regarding utilitarianism, because it seems to tolerate the sacrifice on this case the use of experiments in animals to develop new drugs and on the other hand to ensure that some of these vaccines are safe for humans, (Fox, 1986). From a purely utilitarian perspective we would decide that it would be justifiable to use animal in such experiences because this would result inShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Ethics Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a major issue in the recent past to the extent in which there are watchdog organizations that monitor actions of corporations and file a report indicating companies that aren’t socially responsible. Such organizations are known as sustainability auditing firms (Gallagher, 2012). This has made most of the companies that are growing to issue corporate social responsibility reports alongside their annual business reports. Citigr oup is a financial service companyRead MoreCorporate Ethics And Social Responsibility1528 Words   |  7 Pages Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility Amanda Rabius PHL/320 10/9/17 Hank Reeves â€Æ' Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in the corporate world are very important. By understanding business ethics and socially responsibility, companies can develop and implement a socially responsible plan. Organizations are no doubt an assembly line of different networks that are both complex and dynamic in nature which face various conflicts. With this, a qualitativeRead MoreThe Ethics Of Corporate Social Responsibility2955 Words   |  12 Pagesmanufactured and process. This has been deemed an important indicator of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. The ethics of corporate social responsibility disclosure have historically been some of the most difficult to reconcile with earnings expectations and activist demands (Browne and Haas, 1974; Filios, 1984, 1986; Gelb and Strawser, 2001; Robertson and Nicholson, 1996). As a result, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is considered as key for the survival of organizations. ARead MoreEthics And Corporate Social Responsibility1820 Words   |  8 PagesRachael Pritchard MGT 465 Debate # 1 Not in favor of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is essentially the idea that corporations should and have the responsibility to act outside of their own interest of profits and interest of shareholders. That a majority of the responsibility to fix economic, environmental, and social issues somehow weighs more heavily on corporations shoulders than our own. I am not in favor of this notion for several reasons to which I willRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Business Ethics8391 Words   |  34 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BUSINESS ETHICS Final Project Report for Legal Aspects of Management Submitted To Prof. Dr. D.S. Sengar Professor, IIM Lucknow Submitted By Group 9 Abhinav Bansal, PGP31186 Chheda Adarsh Jayesh, PGP31199 Manideep Akarapu, PGP31213 Ritika Srivastava, PGP31226 Surbhi Aggarwal, PGP31239 â€Æ' Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Acknowledgement 4 Business Ethics 5 Corporate Social Responsibilty 7 CSR Law 7 Crisis Management CSR 10 Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Ethics Report Essay2174 Words   |  9 PagesDaniel Schwartz Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics Report Introduction Raymond James is a financial service holding company with subsidiaries specializing in investment banking, financial planning, investments, and asset management. The company was founded in 1962, has been public since 1983, and was founded in St. Petersburg, Florida. In June 2016, Raymond James joined the Fortune 500 list for the first time. This paper will address the corporate social responsibility and ethics of this financialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Business Ethics1964 Words   |  8 Pagesruins their reputation. Corporate social responsibility is a term that has its origins in the 1950s. It refers to â€Å"situations where the firm goes beyond compliance and engages in actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law† (McWilliams, Siegel Wright, 2006, p. 1). It was in the 1990s that corporate social responsibility truly became a trend that led to the development of other terms such as â €˜business ethics’ (Carroll 2008). InRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesSeydina M. Fall E-Business Ethics A corporation must try to avoid egregious negative externalities, must actively promote corporate social responsibility (CSR), and must engage in philanthropy. Let’s take the example of the mining industry, in which 75% of mining companies (diamonds, copper, uranium, cobalt, etc.) are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange1. For Canada, mining is a source of economic prosperity that brings along with it some risks. To maintain their competitive advantage, it is crucialRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility1502 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness wants to exist and grow in a society, which business ethics and corporate social responsibility are sensitive and crucial objectives, the business should do what is right. Many people agree that business does not exist beyond society, it is a citizenship in the society. Therefore, business has to have many certain obligations and social responsibility. It generally means business have to do something good for the commun ity, making social contribution, and using effectively resources in a way thatRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Corporate Social Responsibility1512 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Responsibility ITC Ltd has worked exremly hard to start several procedures that have led to compliance of the standards of social responsibility. ITC’s dealings within the tobacco industry have contributed to the increase in company revenues and the company has worked towards following the triple bottom line and giving back to society. Most, businesses pay little attention to their social responsibilities and make it part of their overall strategy, instead they concentrate more on financial

Religion And Faith Are Essential For Survival - 1828 Words

Religion and Faith are Essential for Survival The power that religion posses has been taught from mankind s existence, it can be lead to justice or oppression but not all are connected to a religion various lifestyles have different explanations of cause, focus and direction. The importance role of religion and faith in one s life, as depicted in the fictional novel of Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner is portrayed through characters and events. Firstly the strength of a relationship is dependent upon the religious practices and understanding the importance of religion in a pair. Secondly, the superego represents that standards of one s moral principles and their personality. Thirdly, there are numerous interpretation of the meaning of religion and that builds a personal belief system. The powerful role that faith and religion have on an individual s life is demonstrated by strengthening relationships, developing morality and setting a personal belief system. To begin with, religion influences a person s character as it alters the way they behave. Amir is not a religious figure but when in times of trouble, he looks up to Allah for reassurance. Amir says There is a God, there has to be and now I will pray, I will pray that He forgive that I have neglected Him all of these years, forgive that I have betrayed, lied and sinned with impunity only to turn to Him now in my hour of need, I pray that He is as merciful, benevolent and gracious as His book says He is. I bow toShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The By Yann Martel s 1628 Words   |  7 Pages1961 Faith as the Key to Survival Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.† Some individuals live their lives with strict adherence to logic, while others benefit from the power of imagination. However, both, pragmatism and imagination, contain advantages as well as disadvantages. In Yann Martel’s novel, the story’s protagonist, Piscine Patel, is a religious follower of three religions, who strongly believes that religion is essential to havingRead MoreAnalysis Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1215 Words   |  5 Pages2002, is the allegorical novel that follows the life of the Indian teenager Piscine Molitor Patel, exploring specifically his experience of extreme struggle and fight for survival in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Through a range of literary techniques, Martel presents a set of complex themes such as religion, faith and survival making his work worthy of study and deep analysis. However, the understanding and perception of these concepts varies for each reader, as every person’s beliefs and personalRead MoreMary Rowlandson Survival Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagessurvives her experience is nearly impossible to pinpoint directly, but her devotion to her religion can be tied to her method of survival. Rowlandson’s commitment to her religion equips her with a coping mechanism and keeps her thoughts positive during her captivity, creating a healthy mindset that is essential to her survival. It is no secret that Rowlandson, a devout Calvinist, clings tightly to her religious faith throughout her time in captivity. Rowlandson claims her strength comes from the blessingRead MoreLife of Pi - Why Does Pi Survive?1045 Words   |  5 PagesPiscine Molitor Patel says it himself that his survival is â€Å"hard to believe† and can hardly comprehend it looking back. Yet, the readers are promised with a happy ending, and a happy ending with Pi’s survival is what we get. However, it raises the incredible question of just how Pi managed to survive the hardships, loss, pain and suffering, all in the Pacific Ocean’s harsh, unforgiving environment. The first explanation involves Pi’s inborn desire to survive at all cost and to resist giving up. AlsoRead MoreThe Major Elements Of Science And Religion1443 Words   |  6 Pages The third elements shows science and religion both are important to life is Pi s parents. Parents are essential to a person s existence. The combination of sperm and egg is the starts of a life. Without any of them, no life can be created. In Life of Pi, Pi s parents respectively represent religion and science. Pi s mother represents religion and faith. She is from a Hinduism family (Martel, Life of Pi 47). Her father is a clergy of Hinduism. She is nurtured under a complete religious environmentRead MoreLife Of Pi By Yann Martel Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor themes in the movie. They are 1. Primacy of Survival; 2. Religion and Faith; 3. Power of Storytelling; and 4. Loss of Innocence. Focusing on Primacy of Survival theme, the movie Life of Pi explores this theme at sea through the main character, Pi. The obstinate pursuit for survival demands perseverance mentally, physically and spiritually. The story of Pi takes place mainly in the 1970’s in the most toughest and harshest climate for survival, the Pacific Ocean. Pi’s character is describedRead MoreHuman Nature In Yann Martels Life Of Pi1414 Words   |  6 Pagesopinions, desires, faiths as well as having a moral subconscious. Yet, what occurs when a situation allows an individual to react in a behaviour that doesn’t follow these defining factors of human nature? In Yann Martel s Life of Pi, he creates the conflict of a cargo ship sinking, and the only notable survivors on the life raft consists of a hyena, a zebra with a broken leg, an orangutan, and a 16-year-old Indian boy. The protagonist of the novel, Pi Patel, is faced with a personal survival conflict ofRead MoreThe Challenges in Yann Martels Life of Pi Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges at sea while being accompanied by a tiger by the name of Richard Parker. This tiger, though a nuisance, proves to be essential in the role of Piâ €™s survival. Throughout the story, Richard Parker symbolizes survival, a reflection of Pi, and a being of God. Although it is not obvious at first, the large threat of a tiger on board blends into a symbol of survival for Pi. Though Richard Parker is a large issue for Pi, he is not the only issue being faced. Issues such as lack of food, scarceRead MoreLife of Pi Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagescastaway’s voyage, in the heart of the Pacific Ocean. This essay will discuss the essential factors which enabled Pi to overcome the extreme circumstances and survive, to fulfill the archetypal quest hero pattern. The three main factors that saved Pi’s life are his religion, sanity, and will power. Pi Patel, a native of India is born and raised and lives at his father’s Pondicherry Zoo. Pi believes in three faiths, Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam which plays a major role in his development as aRead MoreThe Anglican Clergy By Morgan Godwyn1476 Words   |  6 Pagesfor enslaved Africans. The writer thought Africans needed to be fully accepted members of the Christian faith by bein g baptized. However, others believed in the hope that Africans were exposed to a religious life that reflected the Christian faith traditions post slavery. In which also included before the existence of colonialism. Africans were perhaps practicing Christianity forms of religion. I suppose that spiritual forms of Christianity might have been a long history in the African tradition

Emile Durkheim - 2066 Words

David Emile Durkheim Sociological Theory Rosanna Ashley May 1, 2008 I. Biography David Emile Durkheim was one of the founders of sociology. He was born April 15, 1858 at Epinal in the Eastern French province of Lorraine. He was the fourth child and second son of Moise and Melanie Durkheim. His family was Ashkenazic Jewish, and his father was a rabbi. It was said that young Emile would follow in his father’s footsteps and become a rabbi as well. (Ashley, 2005) However at the young age of thirteen, he took up with a Catholic woman teacher, who influenced him. He decided to move to Paris and study Catholicism. This was a short-lived experience for young Emile, as he realized that he preferred to study religion from an agnostic†¦show more content†¦Two years later he produced The Rules of Sociological Method and two more years later he wrote Le Suicide. These became Durkheim’s three major works, and moved him into the forefront of the academic world. (coser, 1971) In 1898 he founded a scholarly journal called L’Anne Sociologique. He also published a famous paper on Individual and Collective Representations and a series of seminal papers. These include: â€Å"The Determination of Moral Facts†, â€Å"Value Judgments and Judgments of Reality†, â€Å"Primitive Classification†, and â€Å"The Definition of Religious Phenomena†. (coser, 1971) Nine years after joining the faculty at the University of Bordeaux, he was promoted to a full time professor in social science, the first position in France; he became the chairman of the department for six years. In 1902 he was called to the Sorbonne, First as a charge de cours, then in 1906 as a professor of education. (coser, 1971) The last few years at Bordeaux, he had become interested in the study of religious phenomena; he turned to the study of primitive religion. This point in his life led to the publication in 1912 of his last major work, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Shortly after his fourth and final work him felt obliged when the war came. He became the secretary of the committee for the Publication of Studies and Documents on the war. (coser, 1971) Just before Christmas in 1915,Show MoreRelated The Contributions of Emile Durkheim Essay2381 Words   |  10 Pageswell-known field of study until Emile Durkheim, a college professor, made sociology a part of the French college curriculum. Durkheim is regarded as one of the founders of sociology. He introduced sociology as a branch of learning separate from other sciences by declaring that sociologists must examine specific characteristics of group life. In this paper, I plan to provide some insight into who Emile Durkheim was and his contributions to the field of sociology. Emile Durkheim was born on April 13, 1958Read MoreEmile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx1689 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Emile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx Durkheim vs. Marx Introduction: For so many years, authorities from each field have deliberated normative theories to explain what holds the society together. Almost each specialist, from structural functionalism, positivism and conflict theory perspective, had contributed their works trying to illustrate main problematic to our society. In one way, one of the Emile Durkheim’s famous work is â€Å"division of labor† whichRead MoreEssay about The Life of Emile Durkheim1371 Words   |  6 PagesEmile Durkheim was French sociologist. He was born on April 15, 1858 in Epinal, France. Epinal is located in the Eastern French Province, Lorraine. His father, Moise was the Chief Rabbi of Epinal, Vosges, and Haute-Marne, while his mother, Melanie, worked as an embroiderer. Durkheim was the youngest of their four surviving children. Durkheim’s great-grandfather, grandfather, and father were all Jewish rabbis. He was expected to follow suit so at a young age he was sent to a rabbinicalRead MoreEssay Emile Durkheim and the Collective Conscience1109 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Emile Durkheim and the Collective Conscience Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French sociologist who strongly influenced the discipline of sociology. It was apparent to Durkheim that since the French Revolution, the nation had been wracked by conflict and moral crisis (Stones, 2008). At the individual level, rising suicide rates reflected a growing sense of malaise. Durkheim’s goal was to develop a sociology that would help France overcome this continuing moral crisis. By tracing the influencesRead MoreEmile Durkheim and The Science of Sociology Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Emile Durkheim was born in France in April of 1858 and died in November of 1917. He was from a close Jewish community that he continued to be close to even after breaking with the Jewish church. Having come from a long family line of rabbis, he had planned to follow in that profession. Durkheim was known as the Father of Sociology. He was a liberal, a modernist, and a nationalist. He was a very ambitious man; this ambition was illustrated by the accomplishments he made over theRead More Wallace Stevens and Emile Durkheim Essay example1468 Words   |  6 PagesWallace Stevens and Emile Durkheim To more fully understand Stevens poem The Idea of Order at Key West, one can look at the ideas of the poem in context of social-philosophical thought. Emile Durkheims theories on religion closely parallel those of Stevens. Both men believe that there is no supreme greater being, or God, that gives things order and meaning. But both men also believe that humans need to read order and meaning into the world to understand it, even if the meaning humans implyRead MoreThe Impacts of the Emergence of Sociology on the Works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber1057 Words   |  4 Pagessocial, economic, political and technological developments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this essay, the adequacy of this viewpoint will be analysed by pointing out these developments and highlighting their impact on the works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. The three are considered because they are regarded as the pioneers of sociology. Furthermore, the relevance of the ear ly work of the above to modern sociology will be highlighted. The eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesRead MoreEmile Durkheim On Suicide Summary1081 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim states in his book, â€Å"On Suicide: A Study in Sociology,† â€Å"Social man†¦is the masterpiece of existence.† This statement stands out to me because the types of suicide Emile talks about is how man and the social world interact. Emile contributed many things for sociology and one of those things would be, â€Å"developing a new methodology, which focusses on what he calls â€Å"social facts†, or elements of collective life that exist independently of and are able to exert an influence on the individual†Read MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and theorists views over the others.991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and outline how they perceived religion operating socially. Discuss why you chose your preferred theorists views over the others. Marx, Durkheim and Weber each had different sociological views of the role and function of Religion. My preferred theorists view’s on Religion is Karl Marx’s as I feel his ideas are more relevantRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto, By Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim2050 Words   |  9 Pagesbeing less of a balance between work and leisure time in the modern area than ever before. This essay will look at what has lead today’s society to be where it currently is while analyzing the work of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Clear history of theorists (3-4 lines) Marx Durkheim. The Communist Manifesto,† published the following year. In it, the two philosophers depicted all of history as a series of class struggles (historical materialism), in this Marx predicted that the upcoming proletarian

Essay on Abigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller

Arthur Millers play, The Crucible, is about the persecution of people falsely accused of being witches or believing in witches in Salem. Many people die in the village after a series of lies and unjust practices. Abigail Williams, after having had an affair with Proctor, begins this cycle of lies to make her feel more important in Salem. Her character includes both superiority and resentment throughout the play so far and the way she does it shows that she is rebelling against the compressed society. In the Salem society, the role of the child is to be quiet, and stay out of the way. When Abigail is being considered a witch in the first moments of the story, Rev. Parris is very worried about how this will affect his image, and not of†¦show more content†¦However it is very unlikely that Parris will believe in Abigail because he himself does not believe in witch-craft, ‘Go directly home and speak nothing of unnatural causes.’ This shows us that Abigail is rebelling against the Salem compressed Society. However on the other hand we do feel sorry for Abigail when her brief affair with John Proctor, she cannot accept the fact that the relationship has ended. She says, I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! You loved me John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! This desperation causes her to resent Proctor. Proctor also has treated Abigail. That is why she feels that she is worthless. Abigail also thinks of herself as superior to the natives of Barbados when she is being blamed for witch-craft by other people in Salem, Abigail turns on Tituba when she does not know what to do, which gives a sense of fear and anxiety because she does not want to be blamed for witch-craft. ‘She made me do it! She made betty do it!’ This shows us that Abigail likes blaming other people whenever she does not want to be in a position of being blamed. This is why it sounds as if she is rebelling against the society because people in society are treating her dreadfully. However we do feel resentment towards her because Abigail wants Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, dead. AbigailShow MoreRelatedAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyse the ways in which Miller presents the character of Abigail Williams? During this essay I will introduce the main points involved in answering the proposed question. I will explore the certain aspects of Abigail’s personality and how it is an important role in portraying her reasons for her actions. I will also analyse the ways in which Abigail’s personality changes through the progression of the play. I will sum up which points have a bigger effect on her intentions and motivations andRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible By Arthur Miller886 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Miller’s timeless play, The Crucible, is based off the Salem witch trials that took place in the 1600’s. In The Crucible many characters are introduced to the readers as well as their relationships and interactions with other characters. Miller allows you, as a reader, to feel the emotions each character is feeling, and mostly the chemistry between them. Two characters in the play that had an extreme change of heart toward each other were Abigail Williams and John Proctor. In the beginningRead MoreAbigail Williams, the Villian of The Crucible by Arthur Miller667 Words   |  3 Pagescreate equilibrium in the plot. However, in The Crucible, Arthur Miller did not need to create any such characters. In writing a play based on a historical period of time and the actual Salem Witch Trials, he had no trouble depicting the lowly characters, for they existed. The most wicked one of all, the ringleader and cause of all the deaths, happens to be a teenage girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the inhabitants of Salem first begin questioning her, Abigail Williams tells them that Tituba was influencing her intoRead MoreAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay613 Words   |  3 PagesIn Arthur Millers play The Crucible Abigail Williams, an unmarried orphan in the Massachusetts town of Salem, incessantly grows more jealous, her desire for vengeance only grows stronger, and her selfishness escalates. She repeatedly lies to save herself by denying her involvement in witchcraft. Abigails Jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor intensifies in attempt to realize her desire for Elizabeths husband John Proctor. In order to save herself she accuses the innocent, without any sense of ethicalRead MoreThe Presentation of Abigail Williams in Act I of the Crucible by Arthur Miller1630 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Miller present the character Abigail in Act I? We are first introduced to the ‘strikingly beautiful’ Abigail Williams in Act I of one of Arthur Miller’s most acclaimed works The Crucible. She is a dominant figure in the play who is both malicious and manipulative. She is astute and knows how to use power to her own advantage by all means possible. She is a marvellous antagonist with vengeful desires and vehicle for the mass hysteria which becomes a key theme later in the play. Abigail’sRead MoreAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay3744 Words   |  15 Pages Abigail Williams is the troubled niece of Reverend Parris of Salem. She is an orphan; made so by brutal natives who killed her parents before her very eyes. The witch-hunt begins when Abigail is at the age of seventeen. She has a large role in this novel, especially on these dark events and also her relationship with John Proctor. In my opinion from what I have understood from the text she is a tempestuous character. She is initially perceived as being wild bright and proud. Her characterRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, Abigail Williams, and Reverend Parris. When put in a tight situation dealing with lifeRead MoreThe Vengeful Heart That Ignites The Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1670 Words   |  7 Pages However, as in all human beings, these women had temptations and sinful natures. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller illustrates the relationship between Abigail Williams and John Proctor to portray the themes of pride and lust, and the part they played during the Sa lem Witch Trials. John Proctor struggles against his lethal attraction to Abigail, fighting with his own moral qualities. When Proctor and Abigail are alone in Betty’s room in Act 1, he reveals that he is still attracted to her rebelliousRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1457 Words   |  6 Pagesor wrong judgments, associates with bad fate, causes his downfall or death. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, there are tragic heroes. In the late 1600s, there are a series of witch trials happens at Salem, MA. John Proctor, a farmer who lives in a farm with his wife Elizabeth Proctor, is the protagonist during the Salem witch trial. John is a candid, frank, but somewhat arrogant man. He has an affair with Abigail Williams, a 17-year-old girl who desires to have John and wants him so desperately. AsRead MoreHysteria And Lies In The Crucible Analysis946 Words   |  4 PagesEvangeline Run Mr. Young English 11CP 22 October 2017 Hysteria and Lies and Deceit The Crucible â€Å"Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak.†-Jose N. Harris. Arthur Miller the author of the play called The Crucible sets in the town of Salem, Massachusetts which was populated by the Puritans who hanged twenty innocent people in 1692. Miller wants to make the point that the theme of Lies and Deceits makes people lie to benefit themselves

Essay on Women Have the Right to Abortion - 1833 Words

The issue of abortion has always been a controversial one for citizens of the United States. Abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy after the embryo has been planted in the uterus (Abortion). An individual’s stance on this controversial issue categorizes them into one of two very different groups. An individual who feels that a woman should not have an abortion- due to moral or religious views- is said to be â€Å"pro-life†. Coincidently, those who feel that a woman should have the right to choose abortion are said to be â€Å"pro-choice†. â€Å"Pro-life† supporters point to the practice of abortion as an immoral one. Supporters state abortion is immoral because it takes away the rights of the unborn fetus, since activists consider human†¦show more content†¦The practice of abortions throughout the United States are safe. Abortions have become safer since the procedure was reluctantly legalized in the United States-by the Supreme Cou rt-in 1973. According to The American Medical Association’s Council on Scientific Affairs the number of deaths associated with abortion drastically dropped from roughly four out of every one hundred thousand women in 1973 to .6 per every one hundred thousand women in 1997 (Abortion is Safe). These statistics show that procedure in how an abortion is performed has become safer since legalization. Legalization of abortion permitted the procedure to be performed in a sterile setting- such as a hospital operating room. The medical risk associated with an abortion procedure is highly overestimated. An abortion performed exactly as medically advised carries half the risk of a tonsillectomy (Abortion is Safe). (A tonsillectomy is a simple procedure that is performed on many children in their childhood.) On the other hand, anti-abortion advocates point to emotional problems that could harm the pregnant woman after an abortion. These advocates attempt to show there is a link to mental disorders in post abortion women. A New Zealand study looked to verify this claim. The analysis showed that there was a credible link between depression, suicide attempts and substance abuse in post abortion women (Cords). Researchers also aimed to connect having an abortion with post-traumatic stress disorderShow MoreRelated Women Have the Right to Abortion Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Have the Right to Abortion Websters New World Dictionary defines the word abortion as, any spontaneous expulsion of an embryo or a fetus before it is sufficiently developed to survive (Websters 1988; Pps. 3- 4). Assuming the reader of this essay agrees with the above definition, I will explore the following thesis, and support my answer with appropriate, adequate documentation, from Conversations: Should abortion be legal? At what point in time, and under what criteria shouldRead More Women Have the Right to Choose Abortion Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesWomen Have the Right to Choose Abortion An abortion is a womans option to terminate a pregnancy. It is an induced miscarriage. Abortion has become an extremely controversial topic in the past 3 decades since it has been legalized. There has been extreme violence stemming from this issue that we as a country need to put under control, regardless of our personal stances on the issue. There are many reasons why a woman would choose to have an abortion. She does not feel she is ready toRead MoreAbortion Is A Way For Women1726 Words   |  7 PagesKellsey Lodahl Abortion is Ethical Abortion is a way for women, or couples, to make the best decision they can for themselves and the unborn child if they are not ready to bring a child into the world. Allowing termination as a legal and ethical option lets women know they still have a choice when their world is turned upside down. The choice to abort a pregnancy allows women to remain in control of their bodies and makes women one step closer to becoming equal to men. I argue that it is ethicallyRead MoreAbortion: Unconstitutional State and Federal Laws700 Words   |  3 PagesAbortion: Unconstitutional State and Federal Laws Abortion for many years now has been a very controversial topic politically and culturally. Democrats are considered to be pro-choice for women rights to abortion, while the Republicans are against abortion due to their conservative culture. Womens right to have abortions have been violated by both state and federal government laws. Laws regulating womens right to an abortion is unconstitutional because the laws prohibits women from making theirRead MoreAbortion And The Abortion At The Supreme Court988 Words   |  4 Pageseditorial about abortion from opposing viewpoints called â€Å"Showdown on Abortion at the Supreme Court† The author of editorial argued that women’s have right choose abortion. If supreme court shutdown all legal and safest medical treatment clinic that preform abortion, the women will fallow illegal method to end their pregnancies because they do not have any alternative. It is not good method for women health. However, my opinion an abortion is quite different. Recently number of abortion increases rapidlyRead MoreShould Abortion Be A Pro Choice?954 Words   |  4 PagesPro-choice believers support the idea that women have the choice to do what they want with their bodies. 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The Federalist Numbers 10/51 Essay Example For Students

The Federalist Numbers 10/51 Essay The Federalist No.s 10 and 51The Federalist, No. 10, by James Madison is a clear expression of views and policies for a new government. Madison was a strong supporter and member of the Federalists whose main beliefs favored the Constitution. They also believed that the Articles of Confederation needed to be rewritten so that a new central government would control the power of the states. Madison differentiates between a Democracy and a Republic and later on decides on a Republic as his choice of government. A Republic is a type of government run by representatives who are elected by its citizens. Madison states that ?however small the Republic may be, the Representatives must be raised to a certain number in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude.? This means that the Republic should have a certain number of representatives large enough to overpower any outsiders, but not too many where-as nothing could be accomplished due to disagreement. Madison speaks of the problems of the present attempts at a new government saying ?our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice, and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and over-bearing majority?. The crucial issue of Madisons time was the right of the people. The people should be involved in their government, and know about how their government can work with them. Madisons, The Federalist, No. 51 discusses separation of powers in the government and more of the Republican system of government. Madison says outright that ?we see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to decide and arrange the several officers in such manner as that each may be a check on the other.?Madison states several things in his papers that will be used in the United States Constitution. He says: ?authority will be derived from and dependent on the society, because society is broken into so many parts, interests and classes of citizens, ?government must protect the weak as well as themselves.?. ?Principles of justice? and the ?general good? of the people are also mentioned. The Federalist was written to squash the fears of the people that a central government would impede on the peoples liberties. The Federalist, numbers 10 and 51, as summarized in These United States, says: ?A large and diverse republic, not a small homogeneous one, offered the best hope for safeguarding the rights of all citizens. This was because a large republic would include a multitude of contending interest groups, making it difficult for any combination of them to coalesce into a tyrannical majority that could oppress minority rights. With this argument Madison had developed a political rationale by which Americans could have both an empire and personal freedom.? (104)James Madisons The Federalist was written to explain to the people the new United States Constitution and to help convince the states to ratify it. Because of his papers, Madisons strong ideas and feelings were used to create the great governing document, the United States Constitution. History Essays

The Use of Computer in Education free essay sample

The use of computers today, is not restricted to only office desktops or laptops. In a matter of fact, computers are used in our daily lives ranging from appliances to car engines and video games thereby making it one of the most important asset in our lives with the education system not an exception when it comes to computers. The growth of the computer industry has sky-rocket over the past few years and has been quiet remarkable. Today, it is the fastest growing industry in our economy. Many schools are now equipped with computers for educating their students thereby aking computers an integral part of education system. Information Technology classes are also added as a bonus to enhance the students skill in using a computer. Teachers and professors use computers for teaching, giving presentations, assessing various data banks, maintaining database of students, communication in the form of e mails or chat, browsing the Internet and to prepare students with the reality integrity to have a competitive edge in the global Job market. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Computer in Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Computers have revolutionized teaching and learning in a big way. They can watch various films n history, geography, wild life, science and encyclopedias with the use of computers to enhance the students learning experience with great sound and excellent picture quality and commentaries on Compact Discs or DVDs as well as from the internet. The use of computers also includes the use of internet which has widen the education system to even more possibilities. The internet provides a great deal of access through various information on any subject or research and any other technical information with ease. Moreover, a computer is patient and non- udgmental, which can give the student motivation to continue learning. According to studies conducted, the effectiveness of computers used for instruction, students usually learn more in less time when receiving computer-based instructions and develop more positive attitudes toward computers in computer-based classes. Thus through the use of computers, schools, colleges and universities are making scientific, creative, and engineering advances to produce well qualified and highly skilled professionals for it is best for students to start learning and using the computer at a young age for a better benefit in the future.

Kindergarten free essay sample

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. age b. gender c. mother tongue d. gross family income e. educational attainment of parents f. early childhood education g. availability of educational materials at home 2. What is the level of mother tongue based-reading readiness skills of the pupils in terms of: a. noting similarities of shapes and forms b. recognizing similar/different words c. telling the missing parts d. classifying objects e. building vocabulary f. matching pictures 3. What is the correlation of the mother tongue based-reading readiness skills of pupils when grouped according to: a. age b. gender c. mother tongue d. gross family income e. educational attainment of parents f. early childhood education g. availability of educational materials at home Hypothesis of the Study There is no significant correlation between the reading readiness skills and the profile of Kindergarten pupils. Significance of the Study This study will be beneficial to the following: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Kindergarten or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page School Administrators This study may point out the need to evaluate the school reading program which serves as guide in guiding teachers improve reading instruction and consequently, the reading abilities of pupils. Administrators perform crucial roles in the attainment of objectives specified in their academic programs. 2. Curriculum Writers and Instructional Materials Developers Findings in this research may likewise be utilized by them as bases in the preparation of curriculum and instructional materials such as teacher’s guides and learners’ materials. 3. Teachers Results of this study may provide an assessment of the reading readiness of pupils for teachers to be guided in the planning, preparation and administration of reading instruction and programs for the pupils. 4. Parents Parents will be able to monitor their child’s reading progress and help in the remedial reading instruction at home. 5. Pupils They are the ultimate beneficiaries of this study as whatever findings will be the basis for improving reading instruction and reading program. This study will quantify not only their strengths, but also their weaknesses in reading readiness and be able to remediate them. Conceptual Framework Effective classroom instruction in the early grades is key to creating strong, competent readers and to preventing reading difficulties. When a child enters school, it is the teachers role to provide effective reading instruction. Although many others share responsibility for creating a supportive learning environment, it is the teacher who has the greatest opportunity and most direct responsibility for providing the instruction that inspires and enables the child to become a lifelong reader. The foundations of good reading are the same for all children, regardless of their gender, background, or special learning needs. All children use the same processes in learning to read. Some will need more help than others and may need more instruction in one reading skill than another, but all children must ultimately master the same basic skills for fluency and comprehension. Education is empowerment and language is the means to gain access to education. Studies show that quality education occurs most effectively when the mother tongue, the learner’s first language, is used for learning at the start. The first language is by far the easiest way for children to access the unfamiliar world of formal school learning. As a language of learning, the familiar language reinforces the value of the children’s home culture, worldview, and knowledge structures, as well as provides them with the foundational ability to learn to use language to learn. But when the language of learning and the language of instruction do not match, learning difficulties are bound to follow. To discard the use of the L1 in favor of an unfamiliar language upon the children’s entry into grade school is tantamount to displacing or disconnecting their foundational knowledge from the learning process and concepts confined in the classroom. When this happens, learners lose interest in their studies, drop out of school, or lose sight of the long term goal of getting educated, thus becoming underachievers. The Philippines is a multicultural, multiregional, multiethnic, and multilingual nation. It has around 170 different native languages. Deploying all these languages as learning resources is a formidable task. However, the enormity of the problem is lessened by the fact that 15 of these languages are already spoken by 95 percent of our population (Nolasco, 2010). From the 15 dominant languages, 11 mother tongues will be used as sole languages of instruction. They are Cebuano, Iloko, Tagalog, Bikol, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, Maranao, Maguindanaon, and Tausug . These MTs were chosen because they are the most widely spoken languages in the country (Isagani Cruz, 2010). Paradigm of the Study INPUTPROCESSOUTPUT 1. F E E D B A C K METHODOLOGY Research Design This study is descriptive in nature. This study attempts to measure the mother tongue-based reading readiness skills of kindergarten pupils and correlate the results to their profile. This employs the descriptive correlational design of research which attempts to describe the relationship between two or more variable. Research Locale This study will be conducted to the Kindergarten Pupils of Cabatuan East Central School in Sampaloc, Cabatuan, Isabela. Cabatuan East Central School is a public elementary school established since 1951. It offers complete elementary in multi-grade setting under the Kto12 Curriculum of the DepEd. It has been offering kindergarten since 2011. The school is located within the poblacion catering to pupils from the semi-urban barangays of Sampaloc, Centro and Saranay. Majority of its pupils are from Ilocano speaking communities where major economic activity is centered on agriculture. Cabatuan is a third class municipality in the third congressional district of Isabela. Respondents/ Sampling Target respondents of this study are the 58 kindergarten pupils of Cabatuan East Central School enrolled for School Year 2013-2014. Because of the limited size of the population, total enumeration shall be employed. Statistical Tools For Problem 1, simple frequency and percentage will be used. For Problem 2, the Likert Scale (weighted mean) will be used. For Problem 3, Chi-Square Test (significance relationship) will be used. End of THESIS PROPOSAL Questionnaire

The Importance of Writing a Sample Reflective Essay

The Importance of Writing a Sample Reflective EssayThe first step in writing a sample reflective essay is to develop an initial idea of what you would like to say and then write it. In the next section of this article, we will discuss why it is important to write reflective essays. You may want to create a few reflective essay samples to use at your own school or college, and these samples may be easier to implement than what you will create with just one idea.A reflective essay can be customized as well as the reflection itself. The primary goal in the creation of reflective essays is to provide a goal for reflection. This goal can take any form. It may be to solve a problem, or help someone else solve a problem. It may be something as simple as to improve the product or service a company provides.It is important to note that this sample reflective essay is an example of reflective reflection. By writing an essay that you are able to apply to a specific purpose, it will be easier to use reflective reflection throughout your daily life.Reading through a sample reflective essay may help you see the goal you have in mind for the reflective essay. For example, if you are writing a reflective essay to improve the performance of your children, then your essay will contain a number of ideas about your desire to use reflective writing to help them excel. By examining these ideas in the sample reflective essay, you will gain an idea about how you can use reflective writing to help your children perform better academically.By examining the sample reflective essay, you will gain an idea of how reflective writing can help you. By developing an image of yourself as an educator, it will be easier to write reflective essays about the educational ideas you want to pass on to your students. You may wish to share information about public speaking, or brainstorm ideas on how to promote particular schools. In all cases, the idea behind the sample reflective essay is to gain a gen eral idea of how reflective writing can help you accomplish your goals.Writing reflective essays requires that you find a way to express what you want to say and how you want to convey your message. By understanding how reflective writing works, you will be able to express yourself much more easily when writing a reflective essay.Finally, you will want to consider how reflective writing helps you to solve problems. When you express your desire to use reflective writing to solve a problem, you will know you are expressing your desire to use reflective writing to achieve your goal. This means that you will be more likely to use reflective writing when solving a problem.

Barriers to Communication Essays

Barriers to Communication Essays Barriers to Communication Essay Barriers to Communication Essay Barriers to Communication and Causes of Communication Failure in Businesses Barriers to communication can occur if the recipient has failed to convey the meaning or / and the importance of the message.  ·Sender breakdown – too much information is being sent, so the recipient misses key points. Also, language can be difficult to understand, as it can be too complex.  ·Method breakdown – when information is very detailed or complicated, then written instructions are better than messages which can be misinterpreted. Recipient breakdown – the recipient deliberately makes a choice to misinterpret the message because of their attitude to either the sender to the message at hand. Other problems with communication could be:  ·Long chain of command.  ·Language complex, and hard to understand.  ·Vague purpose – not detailed enough, more explanation required  ·Inappropriate medium (method used, e. g. written, electronically etc).  ·Red tape – message gets passed on to many different people before finally reaching the recipient making the process too long and the message changing. Also, actions can be delayed as a result of a late arrival of the message.  ·Status of two parties – can be intimidated by the other person’s status because of their gender, age etc.  ·Location – distance of recipient or where message has to reach.  ·Distraction – Communication channels breaking up. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION No matter how good the communication system in an organisation is, unfortunately barriers can and do often occur. This may be caused by a number of factors which can usually be summarised as being due to physical barriers, system design faults or additional barriers. Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. Thus, for example, the natural barrier which exists, if staff are located in different buildings or on different sites. Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems. Staff shortages are another factor which frequently causes communication difficulties for an organisation. Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an environment which is too hot or cold can all affect eoples morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective communication. System design faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organisation. Examples might include an organisational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know who to communicate with. Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them. Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff in an organisation. These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as poor management, lack of consultation with employees, personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual employees which may be due to lack of motivation or dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas. OTHER COMMON BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION INCLUDE: Psychological factors such as peoples state of mind. We all tend to feel happier and more receptive to information when the sun shines. Equally, if someone has personal problems like worries about their health or marriage, then this will probably affect them. Different languages and cultures represent a national barrier which is particularly important for organisations involved in overseas business. Individual linguistic ability is also important. The use of difficult or inappropriate words in communication can prevent people from understanding the message. Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in confusion. We can all think of situations where we have listened to something explained which we just could not grasp. Physiological barriers may result from individuals personal discomfort, caused, for example, by ill health, poor eye sight or hearing difficulties. Presentation of information Here are the 7 top barriers. 1.Physical barriers Physical barriers in the workplace include:  ·marked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not llowed  ·closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status  ·large working areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. 2. Perceptual barriers The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realities: A traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town. Excuse me, he said. I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like? Well, said the townsman, how did you find the people in the last town you visited? Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service. Well, then, said the townsman, youll find them pretty much the same here. 3. Emotional barriers One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Mind your Ps and Qs; Dont speak until youre spoken to; Children should be seen and not heard. As a result many people hold back from communicating their thoughts and feelings to others. They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships. 4. Cultural barriers When we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behaviour patterns of the group. These are the behaviours that the group accept as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behaviour through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you, and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. 5. Language barriers Language that describes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. One of the more chilling memories of the Cold War was the threat by the Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev saying to the Americans at the United Nations: We will bury you! This was taken to mean a threat of nuclear annihilation. However, a more accurate reading of Khruschevs words would have been: We will overtake you! meaning economic superiority. It was not just the language, but the fear and suspicion that the West had of the Soviet Union that led to the more alarmist and sinister interpretation. . 6.Gender barriers There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalised way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. 7 Interpersonal barriers There are six levels at which people can distance themselves from one another: 1. Withdrawal is an absence of interpersonal contact. It is both refusal to be in touch and time alone. 2. Rituals are meaningless, repetitive routines devoid of real contact. 3. Pastimes fill up time with others in social but superficial activities. 4. Working activities are those tasks which follow the rules and procedures of contact but no more. 5. Games are subtle, manipulative interactions which are about winning and losing. They include rackets and stamps. 6. Closeness is the aim of interpersonal contact where there is a high level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others. Working on improving your communications is a broad-brush activity. You have to change your thoughts, your feelings, and your physical connections. That way, you can break down the barriers that get in your way and start building relationships that really work. The following questions can used to self-debrief your behavior in settings where personal communications are used to build relationships at work, at home, in a church, with a spouse and about any place where two or more gather. These are the common barriers and you may think of others or variations. It is often helpful to do this evaluation in a group and exchange your views to enhance learning about yourself. The value of this is to discover what you may be doing to shut off communications and find ways to improve your behavior. A second way to use these barriers is to just copy the heading and discuss each within a group. The number one barrier to communications is not listening. Different forms of this are at the end of the list. (jump to listening barriers) EXPECTATIONS: Are your expectations of others or organizations a barrier? Do others know your expectations or do you just think they know them? Can you change your expectations or let go of them to be part of a group or a relationship? How would that feel? Did this in any way feel like giving up your self to be what the group wants you to be? This is probably the number one barrier to communications. Expectations are often not expressed to others and it is as if the other is expected to have a crystal ball and know what you expect. RISKING: What is a risk for you? How much do you risk in a communications setting? What keeps you from risking? Is it fear? If so, fear of what? Is it control? Control of what? Yourself or others or the group? Do you wish to risk more? What will it take to risk more? This is probably the top barriers in communicating authentically. Risk in communication often has this silent question: If I risk myself and this is all Ive got, what will happen if I am rejected? Building communications with others authentically takes a degree of risk. AVOIDANCE: What did you do to avoid looking at yourself? Think about this. What was behind the avoidance? Fear of rejection? Fear of loss of control? Were you part of an avoidance project? What did the group do to avoid doing what it needed to do? Did group norms facilitate avoidance? Avoidance frequently is present when a person feels unsafe or is unsure if its safe. Many business meetings start with considerable avoidance and only in the last minutes does the group get to the real subject, and then often try a quick fix. Avoidance can become a habit. FIXING: Did anyone try to fix you? The group? How did that feel? Did you try to fix, heal or convert anyone or the group? Can you fix anyone other than yourself? How aware are you that this is often done, with good intentions and well-meaning but usually not wanted and unaccepted 90+% of the time? What is your level of acceptance of people just as they are? Fixing is often trying to get the other to believe as you do or to do as you have done in a similar situation or to be more like you so you will feel more comfortable. PROJECTS: Most groups are creative in making projects that have something to do with avoidance. Can you name a project in your group? What do pseudo-projects represent in a group? Sometimes projects are things, sometimes people and often its something completely outside the group and the room. Projects can be a way of fooling ourselves and have many of the characteristics of organizing a group and represent avoidance. They can be barriers to communications. Projects are sometimes necessary to help build safety and trust in groups. They can take the form of challenging the norms of a group or the written rules. SCAPEGOATING: Did you feel scapegoated? What did it feel like? Were you part of a scapegoating effort on another person? Scapegoating is often another form of avoidance or blaming or excluding. It may be an attempt to keep focus off of the person doing the scapegoating! It is seen in most family situations and in the workplace and is usually destructive to the personality. PROBING: Did anyone probe you for information? How did that feel? Did it create a barrier for you? If you were probed and did not like it, what kept you from confronting the prober? If you were the prober, why did you probe? Did it have anything to do with keeping the focus off of you? Probing can be avoidance of task or scapegoating if carried too far. SPEAKING IN CODE: If you were part of a subgroup of two or more people, did/do you speak with language that only those in the subgroup can understand? Can you understand how this is a form of exclusivity? This is often done without realizing it in all kinds of groups. It is not polite and keeps understanding low. CONTROL: Did anyone try to control you or what you said? How did it feel? Were you aware at any time that you were trying to control an outcome? If you tried to control, what was the reason? Was it to control what might happen to you? Did you notice others trying control? Most of us believe we have far more control than we actually do. Letting go of control and risking more may result in more love coming into your life. BLAMING: Did anyone blame you for what was or was not happening? How did that feel? Did you blame anyone? What was your motive for the blaming? Did it have to do with trying to make some other person responsible for your behavior? Did you experience blaming in your family of origin? Blaming can become an almost unconscious habit. PLACATING: Did you feel placated by anyone? Did you placate anyone? How does it feel to be placated? CHAOS AVOIDANCE: Do you run from conflict or avoid it in some way instead of trying to go through it? Do you leave a conversation when it gets too hot for you? (either actual or emotionally) How do you react to change? Another word for Chaos is change. People find many ways to avoid talking about change as it usually feels uncomfortable because of the unknown. Chaos can also mean conflict and many will do anything to avoid it. Chaos is one of the most certain things in life and it is well to learn how to embrace it. SILENCE: How comfortable are you with silence? Can you listen to yourself? To your source of spirit? Do you recognize respectful silence? Do you experience a silent time at home? What would it be like if you asked for some silence in your workplace during a meeting? Silence is an unused tool that is very effective in all kinds of ways. Scott Peck says in the Different Drum, Silence is the primary key to emptiness. Also, More than half of Beethovens music is silence. Without the silence there is no music; there is only noise. Most people have little true silence in their lives, yet it provides considerable peacefulness. EXCLUSION: Did you feel excluded at any time? Did you exclude yourself? Did some person say anything that made you feel excluded? Was your feeling of exclusion accurate? Is this something that often happens to you? Did you exclude any person either by avoiding them, or emotionally tuning them out, or by making a judgmental statement? Did you later change the exclusion to inclusion? Think of how people are often excluded and why. It is often done as an unconscious act that may have been learned in the family or work place. BOUNDARY OR BARRIER: A boundary is often created for protection and should only be changed with considerable thought. A boundary rule is one you have originated that defines what is good or bad for you. A boundry may be a barrier to communication depending on what it is. Are you aware of any boundary you have that is a barrier to meaningful communications? Are you aware of any boundary that you want to change? How will you do that and how will you know if it is safe to change? Boundaries are accumulated during life for protection and become a learned method of existing. Boundaries need to be changed slowly and may be replaced with another boundary that offers more freedom until it becomes safe to take the next step. Some people have few or almost no boundries and this often gets them into trouble. An example of this is a person that regulary offers far more information that is asked for by people they talk to. This becomes a turnoff to others and may result in other avoiding you. LISTENING: How well do you listen to what people say? Do you hear what is not said with words, but with emotions or body language? How about listening to what is not said? How can you listen with your whole being, body, mind, spirit and heart? There are many sub-barriers that come under Listening. Below are some. Automatic Talking: Listening just long enough to find a word that you know something about. Then shut off the rest of what is being said, particularly the emotional content. Then start talking about the word you know something about. This blocks real communications by not hearing the total content. This is the most used form of blocking true communication. For more on this, see Automatic Talking Exercise. SELECTIVE LISTENING: This is when a person hears another but selects to not hear what is being said by choice or desire to hear some other message. This can take several forms and result in acting out in destructive ways. An example is to become passive agressive by prentending to hear and agree to what was said when actually your intent is to NOT act on the message, but make the other person think you will. Another form is to act on what you wanted to hear instead of what was said. Continued selective listening is one of the best ways to destroy a relationship. BEING A FIXER: A fixer is a person that tries to fix another persons faults, problems or personality by offering what worked for them or a friend in a similar situatuon. Fixers often cut off others in the middle of a conversation without hearing the whole story to offer their fix. People overall do not like to be fixed and most suggestions for a fix will be disregarded and may result in anger toward the fixer. Using You or We statements instead of I statements. I statements show ownership of what is being said. You statements are often a form of criticism. We statements often implies everyone within listening distance agrees with the statement which is not true. Its like you speaking for another person without their permission. Absolute Statements. These use such words as Never, always, forever, etc. and are often make a statement untrue. Use a less absolute word. Daydreaming. Letting your attention drift away. There are many causes of this and you can stop it by getting into the conversation and saying you are having a hard time staying with what is being said, without blaming. You may find out others are having the same difficulty and will do the same. Being right. This can take several forms. The most common is polite criticism of how a person speak or what they say or to insinuate that the person said it wrong. This can stop communication particularly with sensitive people. Many people have to learn how to communicate and can only do it by trying the way they know how. Derailing. (a form of avoidance) Changing the subject, or tell a joke, or point a finger at another person or try and turn a question around and back to the speaker. Name calling or belittling. This is hurtful and may make another feel foolish or stupid and they may exclude themselves from further conversation. Being the Reactor. On occasion, a person will attempt to get you to speak by trying to hook you to react. Swearing is a way of hooking some people. A good listener will continue to just listen and not react. This will often cause the person to stop trying to hook you if you keep it up long enough. How do people end up sending muddled messages? Often people tend to focus on problems like lack of listening, or inattention when discussing causes of poor communication, neglecting the fact that if a message is muddled or confused in the first place, no amount of attention or listening is going to unmuddle the initial message. People often send muddled messages information that is structured in such a way that the other person will have almost no chance of understanding it the way it was intended. For example, throwing too much at the other person so that he or she cant figure out the point is one way messages are muddled. Being unclear about one wants to say, and not taking the time to clarify to oneself before speaking, is another cause of muddledness. If you often find that people seem to misunderstand your intent or messages, particularly in face-to-face discussions, often look perplexed and often have to ask questions of you because they dont understand, start looking to the quality of the messages you send, and start slowing down and paying attention to what you say. The payoff can be enormous if you can unmuddle yourself. What is assumption of common meaning and why is it a problem? Some people believe that words mean the same thing for different people. After all, dont we have dictionaries so that people can have the same understanding of a word? This is a major problem in communication not realizing that language, any specific word, can have a different meaning for one person compared to another. Heres an example. You are talking to someone who is considering buying a pet. For you the word dog has very positive meaning, since you had dogs all through childhood. So, you suggest to the person that he might buy a dog for companionship. But does the word dog mean the same thing for the other person? That person may have been bitten by a large dog, when he was a child, and has developed a terror reaction to most dogs. For him, the meaning of the word dog (its connotative meaning) is completely different from yours. If you are oblivious to the idea that words carry different emotional meanings, you and the other person can never learn to understand each other. Even with seemingly straightforward word definitions, things arent simple and we cant assume that when one person uses the word liberal, for example, that they mean the same things as you might mean. For him, a liberal might mean a cowardly, crime coddling and socialistic thinking person, while for you, it might mean someone who believes that we should help those less fortunate. The more heated and emotionallly loaded the words we are using, the more important it is to first try to understand what the other person means from the words he or she uses. Many arguments and conflicts can be prevented by trying to understand first, then argue. What happens if I choose the wrong channel to communicate? If you choose the wrong channels that is if the channels are not effective for the type of message and meaning you want to create you are likely to create misunderstanding, and even end up worse off then if you had kept the message to yourself. Not only does using the wrong channels impede communication, but doing so can cause mistrust in others, particularly about your sincerity and commitment to them. Example: Lets say a departmental manager of 15 employees decides he wants to convey the message that he values their work and well-being. He has a number of ways and channels he can use to do this. He can walk around and talk face to face with his employees on a regular basis, wishing them good morning, and inquiring as to their welfare (thats one channel). He could send a memo out each morning wishing them good morning (thatd be another channel). Or he could send an email. The question is Which channel would be best for this message? Walking around and talking face to face is the most costly in terms of time and managerial commitment, while the other two are not costly. But consider the reaction of employees. How many employees will get the meaning the manager is trying to send, if the channel is an automated email? Worse, how many employees will question the managers commitment if he chooses an email channel to transmit a message that is clearly not suited to the channel? Thats just one example. The more emotionally loaded the message, the more thought has to The message is good, but the timing is oh so bad Why is timing so important? Timing is just one aspect of communicating with, influencing and being heard by your boss. Get heard by your boss by using the techniques outlined in Influencing Your Boss Getting Heard Helpcard. Free Preview. When you talk to someone, assuming youre like most people, you tend to focus on what you want to say. Theres some sense in this since you want to be clear and understandable. It is possible to phrase your message and meaning perfectly, yet have it rejected, ignored or otherwise demeaned. In many ways, timing IS everything in communication. For example, if you have a great idea you want to pitch to the boss, you may get a terrible reception one day, but if you chose another day, you might get a great reception. Clearly, people are more receptive at some times compared to other times. We tend to forget this. And then get upset when we dont get the reactions we want. Luckily improving timing in communication isnt difficult. It involves some conscious thought and curbing impulsiveness or even curbing your enthusiasm. Consider the other person state of mind, emotions, time schedule to assess whether its a good time to talk about a particular subject. Do this beforehand. During conversations, if you get unexpected negative reactions, think about whether its that the other person is simply not ready to hear what you have to say. Maybe its best to continue at another time. Timing is particularly important with emotional or tough conversations. Its always good to ask Id like to talk to you about [topic]. Is it a good time now? go into HOW to communicate it, and which channels to use. What is a leading question? A leading question is a specific kind of question that attempts to lead or manipulate the other person into answering the question the way the asker wants. Its intent is not to understand, but to manipulate. Many of us use leading questions without being conscious of either our intent, or how such use appears to the other person. For example, You dont really believe that is a leading question that clearly is designed to make a statement of opinion, rather than to engage in true inquiry. Leading questions are probably never advisable, since they are certain to create defensive, anger, and a feeling that you are trying to manipulate the other person. If you want to know, ask. If you want to make a statement, or put forth an opinion, dont use a question to try to disguise what you are doing. What is the Im Special Syndrome and How Does It Affect Communication? You think thats bad? When I was young I had to walk twelve miles uphill to school in the dead of winter, and then twelve miles uphill back home again. No doubt youve had the misfortune to have to talk to someone whos desire to present him or herself as special results in a contest to show whos the most disadvantaged or hard done by. At one end of the spectrum a person who believes and or is trying to portray himself as special tends to exaggerate his situations past and present, to show how difficult his life is or has been. At the other end of the spectrum the Im special person goes on and on about who he knows, what hes accomplished, and how good he his. Both approaches are driven by the same thing a sense of wanting to be special in ones own eyes, or the eyes of others. Ego. Its very difficult to have real conversations with such a person, because everything gets turned back to their situation, or their accomplishments, or their health maladies. If you have to deal with such a person, theres really no reasonable way to prevent them from hijacking every conversation for the purpose of appearing special. However, you can ensure that YOU dont get caught up in the Im special syndrome. Life isnt a competition, and communication isnt a war to find out whos best. When you behave this way, you will damage the relationships you are trying to build, and inevitably, when you try to appear special, all you end up doing is to appear to be selfish, self-centered and, in effect a bore. What is placating and how does it create barriers to communication? Placating involves giving in to the other persons postion or demands, even though you still are not comfortable, or happy with them. In essence it involves giving in. In addition placating language is language of giving in Ok, ok, whatever youd like, or I didnt mean it, really. People behave in placating ways and use placating language for a number of reasons. One is a desire to smooth over conflict with others, and the intent may, in fact be good, but the methods may not be. Often when you try to placate someone, you send a mixed meaning or message. You say It really does matter, and you also say, It doesnt matter. This is an incongruence that confuses the other person. So placating tends to obscure communication and understanding. If you are truly OK with giving in, then thats different since you probably wont create communication confusion, provided you explain why its OK. There are of course, other reasons why people go into placating mode, and you should reflect on your own motivations. Are you afraid of conflict? Are you afraid of the other person?